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Definition

Public funds actually spent on research and development in the technology field.

Measurement · proposed

R = sum of public R&D expenditure actually disbursed in the field.

Unit

Common currency, constant prices

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Absolute public research input; interpret alongside economic size and differences in technology costs.

Comparability and limitations

Do not mix budgets with expenditure. Count the public contribution only and remove overlap with private funding.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Public R&D disbursement records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Technology R&D spending relative to GDP and total public R&D, reported separately.

Measurement · proposed

R&D intensity = R / GDP × 100; concentration = R / total public R&D expenditure × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Intensity describes effort relative to the economy; concentration describes research funding priorities. A falling denominator can raise either ratio.

Comparability and limitations

Align years, accounting scope and price basis. Keep the two ratios separate and avoid rewarding the same information twice.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Public R&D disbursements, official GDP and total public R&D expenditure

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Private capital invested in relevant firms or projects within a defined financing category.

Measurement · proposed

V = sum of private investment in the field; share = V / all private investment of the same financing type × 100.

Unit

Currency; %

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Private capital inflows and investment direction; identify the influence of unusually large transactions.

Comparability and limitations

Fix included financing types (such as VC or PE), announcement versus disbursement, and firm versus project location. Remove overlapping public funds.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

VC/PE transaction records and disclosures

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Distinct authors and inventors with observed activity in the field; report each population separately.

Measurement · proposed

Count distinct active authors and inventors separately; each share = field-specific people / the corresponding national all-field population × 100.

Unit

People; %

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Observed research and invention personnel, rather than total R&D employment or personnel quality.

Comparability and limitations

Report name-disambiguation accuracy and country-identification coverage. Do not add authors and inventors together; fix rules for people active in multiple countries.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation and data cleaning

Candidate source · unverified

Scholarly author and patent inventor identification records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Share of publications with identified funders that acknowledge support from the researchers’ home country.

Measurement · proposed

Publications acknowledging a home-country funder / relevant national-field publications with an identified funder × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Domestic funding links among outputs with funding information; not the funding share of all publications or a readiness measure.

Comparability and limitations

Define domestic funding relative to the researcher’s affiliation country. Report acknowledgement coverage and funder-identification rates separately.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation and data cleaning

Candidate source · unverified

Publication acknowledgements and a research-funder register

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Number of distinct research projects active in the field during a stated period.

Measurement · proposed

Count distinct project IDs active during the stated period.

Unit

Projects

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Breadth of research activity, affected by project splitting and national differences in programme units.

Comparability and limitations

Remove continuing-project and subproject duplicates. Directly compare only countries with comparable project units.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

National R&D project and expenditure administrative records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Personnel costs as a share of spending on the same R&D project population.

Measurement · proposed

R&D personnel costs in the field / total expenditure of the same project population × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Composition of research spending; a higher share does not establish greater research efficiency or personnel quality.

Comparability and limitations

Align inclusion of direct, indirect and in-kind personnel costs. Do not add this component again to total research spending.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Administrative or survey data on R&D cost components

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Available research equipment, distinguished from commercial operating capacity.

Measurement · proposed

Count distinct available equipment IDs by equipment type; aggregate asset values separately.

Unit

Equipment units; currency

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Scale of research infrastructure, distinct from market deployment and operating production capacity.

Comparability and limitations

Do not arbitrarily combine counts or values of unlike equipment. Separate research equipment from equipment operating in the field.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Research-equipment registers and availability records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

The level of adoption required by policies such as supply obligations.

Measurement · proposed

Required supply target / total supply subject to the legal obligation × 100; report capacity targets in their original units as well.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × applicable technology × year

Interpretation

Institutional demand-creation ambition; distinguish targets from actual delivery.

Comparability and limitations

Compare the same energy or product scope and target year. Do not mix national deployment with compliance by obligated suppliers.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Original policy documents, legislation and official implementation records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Country-level environmental policy stringency, used as context rather than technology-specific performance.

Measurement · proposed

Use the published OECD Environmental Policy Stringency score; any reconstruction must follow its official components and weights.

Unit

Index

Scope

Country-wide context

Interpretation

Environmental policy stringency as country context, rather than a direct technology-competitiveness or phase-out score.

Comparability and limitations

State actual observation years and country coverage. Do not assign the national score to individual industries as if it were industry-specific.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Published OECD Environmental Policy Stringency series (candidate)

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Explicit carbon prices and their emissions coverage, distinguishing taxes and emissions trading.

Measurement · proposed

Emissions-weighted price = Σ(pₘEₘ) / total emissions; coverage = covered emissions / total emissions × 100.

Unit

Currency per tCO₂e; %

Scope

Country-wide context

Interpretation

The combination of explicit prices and emissions coverage; distinct from firms’ cash costs after free allocation and other provisions.

Comparability and limitations

Use non-overlapping emissions segments; add tax and ETS prices where both apply. Set uncovered-segment prices to zero. This proposal differs from OECD Effective Carbon Rates, which include fuel excise taxes.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Official carbon-tax and ETS prices and covered emissions

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Statutory financial penalties per unit of unmet emissions-trading obligations.

Measurement · proposed

Statutory penalty per tCO₂e of unmet obligations; supporting ratio = unit penalty / annual average allowance price.

Unit

Currency per tCO₂e; ratio

Scope

Country-wide context; where the scheme applies

Interpretation

Deterrence against non-compliance; higher actual penalty collections do not establish better policy.

Comparability and limitations

Record continuing surrender obligations and additional sanctions separately. Do not calculate the ratio if the price denominator is missing or zero. Applicable legislation needs separate verification.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Applicable legislation, ETS rules and price records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Research projects jointly undertaken by firms and universities or public research organisations.

Measurement · proposed

Count and expenditure of joint projects; joint-project count / all projects × 100; joint-project expenditure / all project expenditure × 100.

Unit

Projects; currency; %

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Scale of cooperation and connections in research funding, rather than direct evidence of output quality.

Comparability and limitations

Classify firm-to-firm projects separately. Do not count a multi-institution project’s full budget once for every participant.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Joint R&D participant registers and project expenditure

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Share of inventions jointly filed by firms and universities or public research organisations.

Measurement · proposed

Patent families jointly filed by firms and universities or public research bodies / relevant families with classifiable applicant types × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Joint innovation across knowledge-producing sectors; distinct from patents filed only by firms.

Comparability and limitations

Use applicants at filing consistently. Publish organisation-name normalisation and applicant-type identification coverage by country.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation and data cleaning

Candidate source · unverified

Patent bibliographic, family, full-text and legal-status records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Cross-country collaboration in publications, patent families and projects, measured separately.

Measurement · proposed

For each output type separately: international joint publications, patent families or projects / all records of that type with identifiable countries × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Connections with foreign knowledge and people. Do not sum publication, patent and project percentages.

Comparability and limitations

Use affiliation country at the time of publication, inventor residence for patents, and actual research-participant countries for projects. Apply national attribution weights consistently to numerator and denominator.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation and data cleaning

Candidate source · unverified

Publication, patent and joint R&D participation records, calculated separately

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Participation and leadership in developing international technical standards.

Measurement · proposed

Count standard-setting, leadership and participation separately; leadership share = nationally led international standards / corresponding world standards × 100.

Unit

Standards; %

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Contribution to shaping technical rules; do not simply add the three roles into one achievement count.

Comparability and limitations

Align evidence of leadership, standard-development stage and edition. Fractionally count joint leadership. Distinguish national from international standards.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Official standards and committee records from standards organisations

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Ownership of patents linked or declared relevant to specified standards; declarations are not independent verification.

Measurement · proposed

Count identified nationally held standard-linked patent families; share = national count / worldwide identified families in the same scope × 100.

Unit

Patent families; %

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

A base of rights linked to standards. Declarations alone do not verify essentiality or validity.

Comparability and limitations

Distinguish declared standard-essential patents from other standard-related patents. Fix rights holder, legal status and reference date.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation and data cleaning

Candidate source · unverified

Standard-linked patent declarations and patent-rights records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

International public funds actually disbursed for climate cooperation.

Measurement · proposed

Support = sum of deduplicated public finance disbursements; intensity = support / GNI × 100.

Unit

Currency; %

Scope

Country-wide; disaggregate where technology is identifiable

Interpretation

Contribution to international diffusion support; do not rank donor contributions and recipient domestic capabilities on the same scale.

Comparability and limitations

Keep commitments, disbursements, gross amounts and grant equivalents separate. Remove overlap across multilateral contributions, final disbursement and mobilised private finance. Maintain separate donor and recipient panels.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Official international public climate-finance records and GNI series

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Volume and growth of publications within a defined technology field.

Measurement · proposed

P = field-specific publication count; world share = P_country / P_world × 100; growth = g(P).

Unit

Publications; %

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Output scale and growth direction. Call it productivity only when a suitable input such as funding or personnel is used as denominator.

Comparability and limitations

Align document types, classification and periods. Fix whether multinational publications receive fractional counts. Specify the period and growth-rate convention for g.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Scholarly bibliographic, citation, affiliation and acknowledgement records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Volume and growth of patent families within a defined technology field.

Measurement · proposed

F = field-specific patent-family count; world share = F_country / F_world × 100; growth = g(F).

Unit

Patent families; %

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Volume and expansion of invention activity, distinct from influence, maturity and market outcomes.

Comparability and limitations

Align family definition, first priority date, publication-lag handling and country attribution. Do not mix documents and families; specify the growth convention.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Patent bibliographic, family, full-text and legal-status records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Publication citations relative to expected citations for comparable fields and publication years.

Measurement · proposed

Weighted mean normalised citations = Σ wᵢ(Cᵢ / expected Cᵢ) / Σ wᵢ.

Unit

Ratio

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

A value of 1 is the comparison-group average. Interpret normalised influence separately from publication volume.

Comparability and limitations

Expected citations use the same field, year, document type and observation window. If expected citations are zero, leave uncalculated or use a predefined broader comparison group.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Publication citations and global field/year reference baselines

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

References by later patents, interpreted with patent age, field and citation window specified.

Measurement · proposed

Weighted mean normalised patent citations = Σ wᵢ(Cᵢᴾ / expected Cᵢᴾ) / Σ wᵢ.

Unit

Ratio

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Relative forward citations in a fixed window; not a direct estimate of commercial value.

Comparability and limitations

Normalise by technology, priority year, office and window. Fix citing-family deduplication and self-citation rules; flag recent cohorts with immature observation windows.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Patent-family forward citations and technology/year/office reference baselines

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

A country’s specialisation in a technology relative to the world patent distribution.

Measurement · proposed

RTA = (F_country,technology / F_country,all) / (F_world,technology / F_world,all).

Unit

Ratio

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Above 1 indicates relative technological specialisation; below 1 indicates the opposite. Neither is an absolute measure of technology level or scale.

Comparability and limitations

Align classification, years and sources. Avoid counting both RTA and the same underlying patent share as independent rewards.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Global all-field patents and nationally attributed climate-technology patents

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Claim structure in comparable patent documents; not an automatic measure of patent value.

Measurement · proposed

Mean and median claim counts per representative patent document; change = g(mean claim count).

Unit

Claims; %

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Structural characteristics of rights documents. More claims do not automatically mean greater quality or protection.

Comparability and limitations

Align office, application versus grant stage, technology, time and independent versus dependent claims. Do not sum claims across all documents of a family.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Patent claims from the same office and examination stage

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Distribution of research or invention activity across consistently defined technology groups.

Measurement · proposed

Normalised diversity = −Σ pⱼ ln(pⱼ) / ln(K) × 100.

Unit

Points, 0–100

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Near zero indicates concentration; near 100 indicates an even distribution. Greater diversity is not automatically better.

Comparability and limitations

Use fixed categories with K ≥ 2. Fractionally allocate multi-classified records so shares sum to 1. Calculate publications and patents separately; no activity is not applicable.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Publication and patent technology classifications, calculated separately

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Firms filing new patents in the technology field and their share of the relevant population.

Measurement · proposed

Count distinct corporate applicants; share = corporate applicants in the field / national corporate applicants across all technologies × 100.

Unit

Firms; %

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Breadth of corporate patent activity; excludes non-patenting firms and differs from the whole industry population.

Comparability and limitations

Fix legal-entity versus corporate-group unit, applicant location at filing and name normalisation. Align activity windows across compared firm populations.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation and data cleaning

Candidate source · unverified

Patent bibliographic, family, full-text and legal-status records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Distinct firms holding verified technology ownership or valid patent rights at a stated date.

Measurement · proposed

Count distinct firms with verified technology ownership; separately count current corporate holders of valid relevant patents.

Unit

Firms

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Corporate ownership base; distinguish recent filing activity from existing rights ownership.

Comparability and limitations

Fix technology-ownership evidence, ownership and legal status, and reference date. Filing-applicant data alone do not identify current rights holders.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation and data cleaning

Candidate source · unverified

Current patent rights holders and corporate registration/merger records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Share of assessable patent families with at least one corporate applicant.

Measurement · proposed

Families including at least one corporate applicant / relevant families with assessable applicant types × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Industry participation in invention; does not directly establish industry–academia–research collaboration.

Comparability and limitations

Record corporate-only, firm-to-firm and industry–research joint filings separately. Publish applicant-type identification coverage.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation and data cleaning

Candidate source · unverified

Patent bibliographic, family, full-text and legal-status records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Distinct enterprises meeting a consistent definition of the relevant industry or product scope.

Measurement · proposed

Count distinct enterprise IDs meeting a common industry or product definition.

Unit

Enterprises

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Breadth of operating businesses. Do not add patent-active firm counts again as if they were separate enterprises.

Comparability and limitations

Align enterprise, establishment and site units. Fix the minimum climate-technology activity criterion; identify mixed businesses separately when activity shares are unavailable.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Business registers, establishment surveys, financial and employment records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Employment or full-time-equivalent personnel in relevant business activities.

Measurement · proposed

Sum personnel or full-time-equivalent employment in relevant climate-technology business activities.

Unit

People or FTE

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Industrial employment base. Headcount and FTE are different measures and must remain separate.

Comparability and limitations

Do not attribute all employment in diversified firms to climate technology. Use activity-specific personnel data or a verified allocation rule.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Business registers, establishment surveys, financial and employment records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Revenue from relevant products and services, and its share within a consistent industry scope.

Measurement · proposed

S_k = sum of relevant business revenue; share = S_k / total industry revenue within the same scope × 100.

Unit

Currency; %

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Industrial scale and share of climate technology; interpret alongside prices and diversified business structures.

Comparability and limitations

Do not treat total corporate revenue as relevant revenue. Align comparison industry and price basis. Do not generate missing sales figures from patents.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Business registers, establishment surveys, financial and employment records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Volume and value of relevant product or service transactions in a defined market.

Measurement · proposed

Sum product sales volumes or transaction values at one fixed transaction stage.

Unit

Currency; product-specific quantities

Scope

Country × applicable product

Interpretation

Actual market scale. Avoid independent double rewards where the measure overlaps industry revenue.

Comparability and limitations

Fix final-sales versus wholesale stage and remove resale or intermediate-transaction duplicates. Do not add quantities of unlike products.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Official technology-specific deployment, market and equipment statistics

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Low-carbon products as a share of new sales serving the same function.

Measurement · proposed

New low-carbon product sales / new sales of all products serving the same function × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × applicable product

Interpretation

Shift in new demand; distinct from replacement of the accumulated stock of products.

Comparability and limitations

Use quantities or comparable functional units. Fix the low-carbon classification and comparison product group.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Official technology-specific deployment, market and equipment statistics

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Capacity and share of equipment actually operating, excluding planned and manufacturing capacity.

Measurement · proposed

K_L = relevant capacity currently operating; deployment share = K_L / all operating capacity serving the same function × 100.

Unit

Technology-specific capacity; %

Scope

Country × applicable technology

Interpretation

Accumulated deployment in use; distinct from plans, cumulative shipments and research-equipment counts.

Comparability and limitations

Exclude closed or scrapped equipment. Preserve technology-specific units; where useful, compare delivered services with utilisation accounted for separately.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Technology-specific operating-equipment registers or published statistics

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Growth of operating equipment or new product sales, measured separately.

Measurement · proposed

Operating-capacity growth = g(K_L); new-product-sales growth = g(Q_L).

Unit

%

Scope

Country × applicable technology

Interpretation

Speed of deployment or sales growth; interpret alongside low starting-base effects and absolute increases.

Comparability and limitations

Calculate operating-stock and annual-new-sales growth separately. Do not mix denominators; specify growth convention and period.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Official technology-specific deployment, market and equipment statistics

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Actual technology deployment relative to the policy target for the same period.

Measurement · proposed

Actual deployment or supply in the year / policy target for the same year × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × applicable technology

Interpretation

100% means the specified target is met. Report target ambition because a low target can yield a high achievement rate.

Comparability and limitations

Align cumulative versus annual targets. This is distinct from national NDC progress.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Annual deployment outcomes and policy targets for the same year

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Export value and the export–import balance for defined product categories.

Measurement · proposed

Exports = X_k; trade balance = X_k − M_k.

Unit

Common currency

Scope

Country × identifiable product category

Interpretation

External market activity. A surplus does not directly establish domestic value added or technological advantage.

Comparability and limitations

Align HS-to-technology mapping, product scope and price basis. State treatment of re-exports, general-purpose products and excluded services.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Official product-level trade and input-sourcing statistics

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

A country’s product-export specialisation relative to the world export structure.

Measurement · proposed

RCA = (X_country,product / X_country,all) / (X_world,product / X_world,all).

Unit

Ratio

Scope

Country × identifiable product category

Interpretation

Above 1 indicates relative export specialisation. Concepts and data differ from patent-based RTA.

Comparability and limitations

Align product coverage across national and global numerators and denominators. Export specialisation is not identical to domestic production or value added.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Global all-product exports and exports of technology-mapped products

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Share of inventions filed in multiple jurisdictions and the breadth of intended protection.

Measurement · proposed

Families filed in at least two jurisdictions / families with observable jurisdiction data × 100; mean and median jurisdiction counts.

Unit

%; jurisdictions

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Orientation towards rights in multiple markets; not actual sales, exports or valid rights held.

Comparability and limitations

Do not count PCT as a national market. Fix regional-office treatment and the observation window from priority date. Actual countries of enforceable protection require a separate indicator.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation and data cleaning

Candidate source · unverified

Patent-family national-stage filing records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Domestic-origin and imported critical inputs as shares of the same input-use total.

Measurement · proposed

Domestic sourcing = domestic-origin input use / all critical-input use × 100; import dependence = imported-origin input use / the same total × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × critical input

Interpretation

Domestic supply base and external dependence; higher domestic sourcing is not always more efficient or resilient.

Comparability and limitations

Imports sold by domestic distributors remain imported-origin goods. Report unknown origin separately. Do not infer actual import dependence from patents alone.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Firm or industry surveys of input use and sourcing by origin

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Concentration of critical-input imports among supplying countries.

Measurement · proposed

HHI = Σⱼ sⱼ², where sⱼ is each source country’s share of import value for the product and shares sum to 1.

Unit

Index, 0–1

Scope

Country × critical input

Interpretation

Higher values indicate concentration. Diagnose supply risk alongside country, firm and substitution conditions.

Comparability and limitations

Calculate at product level first. No imports means not applicable, not HHI = 0. Check transit trade and country-of-origin rules.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Imports of the same critical input by country of origin

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Research-resource allocation between corresponding low-carbon and high-carbon technology alternatives.

Measurement · proposed

s_R = R_L / (R_L + R_H) × 100; change = current s_R − baseline s_R. L and H denote low- and high-carbon alternatives.

Unit

%; percentage points

Scope

Country × substitute technology pair

Interpretation

Research-resource reallocation towards low-carbon alternatives. Inspect absolute low-carbon increases and high-carbon decreases together.

Comparability and limitations

Fix substitution relationships and technology categories. Allocate overlapping project costs without duplication; predefine treatment of mixed or neutral research.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

National R&D project and expenditure administrative records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Decrease in R&D spending on a consistently defined high-carbon technology group.

Measurement · proposed

(Baseline high-carbon R&D − current high-carbon R&D) / baseline high-carbon R&D × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × high-carbon technology group

Interpretation

Positive values indicate decline; assess whether this reflects broad R&D contraction or a low-carbon transition.

Comparability and limitations

Do not automatically classify decarbonisation research inside high-carbon businesses as high-carbon R&D. Classify by technological purpose and pathway; compare in real prices.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

National R&D project and expenditure administrative records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Fall in high-carbon inventions as a share of new patent activity.

Measurement · proposed

100 × [(high-carbon patent families / fixed comparison-domain families)_baseline − the same ratio_current].

Unit

Percentage points

Scope

Country × high-carbon-related technology domain

Interpretation

Positive values indicate reduced high-carbon orientation; not disappearance of existing knowledge or necessarily fewer inventions in absolute terms.

Comparability and limitations

Keep the comparison technology domain fixed. Always report the absolute high-carbon invention count alongside the share change.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Patent bibliographic, family, full-text and legal-status records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Fall in high-carbon products’ share of new sales in the same market, in percentage points.

Measurement · proposed

Baseline high-carbon share of new sales − current high-carbon share of new sales, using percentage shares.

Unit

Percentage points

Scope

Country × applicable product

Interpretation

New demand moving away from high-carbon products. Inspect total sales contraction and low-carbon growth together.

Comparability and limitations

With only two product categories, this complements the change in low-carbon penetration; avoid counting both as independent rewards.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

High-carbon and total new-product sales serving the same function

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Net reduction of operating high-carbon equipment and separately verified replacement serving the same function.

Measurement · proposed

Net decline = (baseline K_H − current K_H) / baseline K_H × 100; replacement speed = confirmed same-function replacement / (baseline high-carbon functional capacity × elapsed years) × 100.

Unit

%; % per year

Scope

Country × equipment serving the same function

Interpretation

Net decline accounts for new additions. Growth in low-carbon equipment alone does not establish replacement of high-carbon equipment.

Comparability and limitations

Distinguish temporary suspension from permanent closure. Align functional or service units where nominal capacities differ. Without direct replacement-link evidence, leave replacement speed uncalculated.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

High-carbon operating-equipment histories linked to replacement projects

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Changes in high-carbon business shares of revenue and assets, measured separately.

Measurement · proposed

Revenue-share decline = baseline high-carbon revenue share − current share; calculate asset-share decline separately, using percentage shares.

Unit

Percentage points

Scope

Country × industry

Interpretation

Reduced dependence on high-carbon business or assets. Distinguish genuine transition from price falls, divestment and relocation abroad.

Comparability and limitations

Separate corporate panels from national industry panels. Align business scope and asset-valuation rules.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Financial records for a fixed industry or corporate scope

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Decline in actual support levels and support intensity, distinguished from announced commitments.

Measurement · proposed

Support-intensity decline = 100 × (baseline support / baseline GDP − current support / current GDP); real-amount decline = (baseline real support − current real support) / baseline real support × 100.

Unit

Percentage points; %

Scope

Country-wide; disaggregate where industry is identifiable

Interpretation

Contraction of the support system. Distinguish policy withdrawal from share declines caused by GDP or price changes.

Comparability and limitations

Fix coverage of direct spending, tax expenditure and other instruments. Remove duplicate counting of the same support item.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Official fiscal support for fossil fuels and GDP

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Progress against a national emissions pathway; not an attribution of reductions to individual technologies.

Measurement · proposed

(Baseline emissions − current emissions) / (baseline emissions − official pathway emissions for the current year) × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country-wide context

Interpretation

100% means alignment with the specified pathway; not target ambition or a particular technology’s contribution.

Comparability and limitations

Apply directly only to absolute-reduction targets with matching scope and an official annual pathway; denominator must be positive. Disclose any estimated pathway assumptions. Do not apply unchanged to BAU or intensity targets.

Measurement method

Statistical aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Official national emissions inventories and annual absolute-emissions NDC pathways

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Share of assessable R&D projects whose objectives explicitly mention emissions reduction or decarbonisation.

Measurement · proposed

Projects with confirmed explicit decarbonisation objectives / target projects with assessable objective documents × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Explicit policy intent, rather than realised emissions reductions.

Comparability and limitations

Fix the denominator as either all R&D or the relevant technology’s R&D. Tag adaptation objectives separately. Missing documents are not evidence that objectives are absent.

Measurement method

LLM-assisted assessment and aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

R&D project objective documents linked to project IDs and technology scope (review correction to the source-register proposal)

Assess project objectives using objective text linked to project IDs and technology scope; policy or legal documents alone do not establish a project’s objective.

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Coverage and composition of policy instruments supporting a technology; diversity alone does not establish effectiveness.

Measurement · proposed

Coverage = active instrument types / J × 100; diversity = −Σ pⱼ ln(pⱼ) / ln(J) × 100. J is the common number of policy types.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Coverage describes breadth; diversity describes the balance of the mix. Neither directly establishes policy effectiveness or sufficient funding.

Comparability and limitations

Choose one basis for p: deduplicated policy counts or budget shares. Without share data, do not calculate diversity. With no instruments, coverage is zero and diversity is not applicable.

Measurement method

LLM-assisted assessment and statistics

Candidate source · unverified

Original policy-instrument documents and budget allocations

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

How specifically a policy identifies phase-out targets, timing, pathways and instruments.

Measurement · proposed

Common checklist items satisfied / Jₚ × 100; years remaining = target year − assessment year.

Unit

Points; years

Scope

Country × applicable technology

Interpretation

Specificity and timetable of phase-out policy; an earlier date alone does not establish superiority.

Comparability and limitations

Possible checklist items: target scope, end year, intermediate pathway and implementation instruments. Record legal force separately. Unavailable official documents mean unobserved, not zero.

Measurement method

LLM-assisted assessment and aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Original policy documents, legislation and official implementation records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Share of inventions citing scientific publications.

Measurement · proposed

Patent families citing at least one scholarly publication / relevant families with sufficient citation observation coverage × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Documented science–technology connections; distinct from transfer contracts, commercialisation or readiness.

Comparability and limitations

Not all non-patent literature is scholarly research. Align patent office and observation window; distinguish missing citations from genuinely uncited records.

Measurement method

Statistics and LLM-assisted assessment

Candidate source · unverified

Patent non-patent-literature citations and scholarly publication identifiers

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Share of inventions that substantively combine different technology domains in their solution.

Measurement · proposed

Families with substantive combinations across at least two common technology domains / assessable relevant families × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Cross-domain combination; more classification codes alone do not establish novelty or usefulness.

Comparability and limitations

Do not use only one primary IPC code. Align classification granularity; any LLM assessment must identify substantive combination from claims or implementation evidence.

Measurement method

Statistics and LLM-assisted assessment

Candidate source · unverified

Patent bibliographic, family, full-text and legal-status records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Share of inventions combining technology domains not observed together in the reference period.

Measurement · proposed

Families containing technology pairs absent from the worldwide prior observation window / families assessable for combinations × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Novel combinations within the observed data; not legal patent novelty or evidence of success.

Comparability and limitations

Fix technology pairs, prior window, classification version and minimum sample. Do not use later information to judge past novelty.

Measurement method

Statistics and LLM-assisted assessment

Candidate source · unverified

Global time series of patent technology combinations

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Growth and new combinations observed in globally defined technology groups.

Measurement · proposed

Early signal = [percentile rank of technology-group activity growth + percentile rank of novel-combination share] / 2.

Unit

Points, 0–100

Scope

Global technology group × period

Interpretation

An exploratory signal of rapid growth and new combinations; not technology maturity, industrial success or a national score itself.

Comparability and limitations

The formula is proposed. Predefine eligible groups, minimum activity, window, ties and selection thresholds after expert review. Record changes in comparison groups. Averaging permits one signal to offset the other; it is not a requirement that both pass. Thresholds and sensitivity checks remain to be settled.

Measurement method

Statistics and LLM-assisted assessment

Candidate source · unverified

Global technology-group activity and novel-combination time series

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

A country’s invention activity in emerging groups identified using a common global definition.

Measurement · proposed

National families in selected emerging technology groups / all national climate-technology families × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × period; national share in globally defined emerging technology groups

Interpretation

Emerging-technology orientation of a national portfolio; not leadership, maturity or sales performance.

Comparability and limitations

Use a common global set of emerging groups for all countries. Deduplicate families belonging to multiple groups. A technology-specific variant must restrict both numerator and denominator to that technology.

Measurement method

Statistics and LLM-assisted assessment

Candidate source · unverified

Common global emerging-group selection from 05-04 and national patents

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Distribution of readiness levels inferred from patent evidence; missing evidence is separate from low readiness.

Measurement · proposed

For each TRL r = 1…9: 100 × Σᵢ[wᵢc × 1(assessable and TRLᵢ = r)] / Σᵢ[wᵢc × 1(TRL assessable)].

Unit

%

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Distribution and gaps across concept, experiment and demonstration stages. Average patent TRL is not a universal measure of national superiority.

Comparability and limitations

Fix the technology element, device or system and application environment. Report uncertainty separately; unable to judge is not low TRL. Record document-reported evidence grades and independent external verification separately. Patent descriptions alone do not verify experiments or commercial outcomes.

Measurement method

LLM-assisted assessment and aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Patent full texts with optional independent demonstration evidence

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Share with documented demonstration evidence meeting specified scale, operating-condition and verification criteria.

Measurement · proposed

Families meeting technology-specific demonstration requirements / families assessable against those requirements × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Accumulation of evidence close to practical application, distinct from commercialisation or market adoption rates.

Comparability and limitations

Predefine demonstration requirements and environments. Predictions or simulations alone do not count as actual demonstration. Keep reported evidence separate from independent verification; patent descriptions alone do not verify experiments or commercial outcomes.

Measurement method

LLM-assisted assessment and aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Patent full texts and demonstration-test reports

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Changes in the distribution of evidence-inferred technology readiness levels over time.

Measurement · proposed

Current share minus baseline share for each TRL stage group; calculate change in demonstration-evidence share separately.

Unit

Percentage points

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Change in the invention portfolio. Interpreting maturation speed requires following the same technology group over time.

Comparability and limitations

Use equal-length periods and the same model, rubric and document scope. Use only documents published by each reference date.

Measurement method

LLM-assisted assessment and aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Period-specific TRL assessment snapshots using the same definition

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Inventions presenting a concrete solution and qualifying evidence for a predefined technical challenge.

Measurement · proposed

F_H = distinct families with evidence grade E ≥ 2 for at least one challenge; growth = g(F_H).

Unit

Patent families; %

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Scale and growth of challenge-related inventions. More patents and coverage of more challenge types are different findings.

Comparability and limitations

E ≥ 2 means reported performed validation with comparable results under the common evidence rubric. Count a family once even if it addresses several challenges. Keep reported evidence separate from independent verification; patent text alone does not confirm experiments or commercial outcomes.

Measurement method

LLM-assisted assessment and aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Patent full texts and a fixed expert-defined challenge list

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Number and coverage of predefined challenges with qualifying evidence of a solution contribution.

Measurement · proposed

B = count of predefined challenges with at least one national invention at E ≥ 2; coverage = B / M × 100.

Unit

Challenges; %

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Breadth of documented contributions. Raw counts are not comparable across fields with different numbers of challenges M.

Comparability and limitations

Predefine challenges with constraints, operating conditions and targets. Meeting the evidence threshold does not mean complete resolution. B/M describes observed documentation, not true national capability. Preserve unobserved challenges in a separate unknown state.

Measurement method

LLM-assisted assessment and aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Patent full texts and a fixed expert-defined challenge list

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Challenges for which qualifying solution evidence is first observed after the reference period.

Measurement · proposed

Count challenges with E ≥ 2 evidence in the current period and no evidence meeting the same criterion in the predefined prior window.

Unit

Challenges

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Newly documented national problem-solving coverage; not necessarily a world first or actual complete resolution.

Comparability and limitations

Use the same prior window and source coverage for all countries. Leave novelty undecided where historical coverage is substantially incomplete.

Measurement method

LLM-assisted assessment and aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Period-specific evidence snapshots for the same challenge list

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Evidence meeting a challenge’s performance targets and mandatory constraints; uncertainty is not failure.

Measurement · proposed

M = predefined applicable challenges; A = challenges with evidence meeting all mandatory targets; documented target attainment = 100 × A / M. Also report met, partly met, not met and undecided states.

Unit

Status; %

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Distinguishes partial improvement from meeting all predefined targets. One performance improvement does not establish that a challenge is solved.

Comparability and limitations

Specify required environment, durability and economic conditions. Undecided is not actual failure. With U undecided challenges, [100A/M, 100(A+U)/M] is a logical evidence range, not a confidence interval or true-capability range. Separate document-reported results from independent verification.

Measurement method

LLM-assisted assessment and aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Predefined challenge targets and mandatory conditions, with supporting documents

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Share of inventions supporting longer life, reuse, recovery or recirculation of resources.

Measurement · proposed

Families with confirmed circular function Cᵢ = 1 / target families assessable for circular function × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Invention-portfolio orientation towards circular functions; not realised circularity or net emissions reduction.

Comparability and limitations

Assign C = 1 only when the invention’s own solution is evidenced, not merely mentioned as background. Record circularity, resource substitution and carbon reduction as separate tags.

Measurement method

LLM-assisted assessment and aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Patent bibliographic, family, full-text and legal-status records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Volume and growth of inventions with defined circularity functions.

Measurement · proposed

F_C = distinct families with Cᵢ = 1; growth = g(F_C).

Unit

Patent families; %

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Expansion of circular-technology activity. Also inspect total patent growth and changes in the circular-patent share.

Comparability and limitations

Keep criteria, model and assessment coverage consistent over time. Count a family once even if it serves several circular functions.

Measurement method

LLM-assisted assessment and aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Patent bibliographic, family, full-text and legal-status records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Share of circularity-oriented inventions with documented verification results; independent checks remain distinct.

Measurement · proposed

Circular families with Cᵢ = 1 and Eᵢ ≥ 2 / circular-contribution families assessable for validation × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × technology × period

Interpretation

Connection between circular ideas and validation. The denominator is circular inventions, not all patents.

Comparability and limitations

Require evidence directly linked to the function, such as recovery, purity, lifetime or reinsertion. No circular inventions means not applicable. Keep document-reported validation separate from independent confirmation.

Measurement method

LLM-assisted assessment and aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Patent bibliographic, family, full-text and legal-status records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Share of inventions reducing resource use per function through substitution, recovery or efficiency.

Measurement · proposed

Families with confirmed dependence-reducing solutions for predefined resources / assessable families within the applicable resource–technology scope × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × applicable technology and resource

Interpretation

Technical alternatives for reducing resource dependence; distinct from actual national import-dependence reductions.

Comparability and limitations

Fix critical resources, substitution criteria and functional units. Separately record additional burdens on other resources or energy and the evidence grade.

Measurement method

LLM-assisted assessment and aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Patent bibliographic, family, full-text and legal-status records

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.

Definition

Share of inventions offering concrete alternatives that reduce reliance on a corresponding high-carbon technology.

Measurement · proposed

Families with confirmed contributions to replacing high-carbon technology / assessable families within the applicable substitution relationship × 100.

Unit

%

Scope

Country × technologies in an applicable substitution relationship

Interpretation

Substitution potential at the invention stage; not evidence that equipment or markets have actually phased out high-carbon systems.

Comparability and limitations

Experts must define same-function high-carbon reference technologies and alternatives. Non-climate technology is not automatically high-carbon. Report the strength of emissions-reduction evidence separately.

Measurement method

LLM-assisted assessment and aggregation

Candidate source · unverified

Patent full texts and a same-function high-/low-carbon substitution dictionary

Source readiness: Unverified · Proposed formula · English review translation. Display order does not imply available data or final adoption.